> Feed: Clay & Iron
> Title: Do Ancient Sites point to the Old North Pole?
> Author: "Mark H. Gaffney"
> Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2019 13:20:18 -1000
Do Ancient Sites point to the Old North Pole?
By "Mark H Gaffney"
The orientation of ancient sites in Mexico and Central America
continues to be one of archeology's strangest enigmas.
Probably the best known case is the avenue at Teotihuacan, Mexico,
located about twenty miles northeast of Mexico City.
Called the Way of the Dead, the broad straight avenue
starts at the foot of the huge Pyramid of the Moon
and extends for about two miles.
En route, it passes by the even more imposing Pyramid of the Sun.
I vividly recall how intrigued I was when I learned that
the avenue and these two great pyramids
are not aligned to true north like the pyramids of Giza, Egypt
but oddly point 15.47 degrees (15 degrees 28 minutes) east of north.
Archeologists have never explained this puzzling fact which, in my view,
calls into question their attempts to identify and impute meaning to
equinox and solstice points on the horizon.
Teotihuacan is not a lone case.
Most other pyramids and temples in Central America
are also aligned east of north.
During the early 1970s, the archeoastronomer Anthony Aveni
surveyed the region and identified fifty such sites.
He grouped them into three distinct clusters:
- a small minority aligned to [present] true north,
- a larger group aligned to 7 degrees east of north, and
- an even larger third group that ranged
between 15 and 20 degrees east of north.
Aveni referred to this last group as "the 17 degree family".[1]
He went on to present an exhaustive catalogue of such alignments
in his subsequent book Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico.[2]
Although Aveni never found an explanation, he did conclude that
members of the 17-degree family were "nonfunctional imitations" of
the oldest site in the region: Teotihuacan.
It is curious that nearly all of the sites in this group
are also located within 100 kilometers of Teotihuacan.
Aveni suggested that whatever the original purpose of
the east of north orientation had been,
it was eventually forgotten and lost to history.[3]
He also reported what I regard as the most telling detail of all.
An aerial survey of the Central Mexican highlands conducted in 1974
showed that the strange east of north alignment
was not limited to religious and ceremonial sites.
Most villages, towns and even agricultural fields across the region
were generally aligned in the same fashion: east of north.[4]
Evidently the entire grid of human society across Central Mexico was affected.
The key question, of course, is why?
Were sites in the region originally aligned to true north,
before some great earth cataclysm in the remote past shifted the continent?
This would imply that Teotihuacan is older, perhaps much older,
than we have been led to believe.
Although such a conclusion is controversial,
an event of this scale would have had to have occurred in remote antiquity,
because ocean bottom cores indicate that the crust of the earth
has been stable for the last 10,000 years.[5]
As for the similar east of north orientation of Mayan sites
in Yucatan and Guatemala,
Aveni wrote that "the plans of Maya ceremonial centers
seem to exhibit more disarray than those of Central Mexico."[6]
Aveni attributed the east of north alignment of these sites
not to the Mayans themselves but to the Toltecs, who he felt,
introduced it when they conquered the region.
It's a plausible explanation.
But there is also another possibility.
As I studied the region's geography I began to suspect that
the hypothetical event that shifted the continent
might also have caused local dislocations,
particularly in southern Mexico and Central America.
I am no geologist and could be wrong about this.
But look at the map.
The narrow isthmus of Central America does look twisted.
Surely one is safe to assume, as a general rule,
that the larger the land mass the more stable.
I gained additional insights from the Austrian geologist Eduard Seuss,
compiler of The Face of the Earth published between 1904-1909,
a massive work which attempted the near impossible task of
summarizing all that was known at that time about our planet.
More than a century later, Seuss's remarkable four volume opus
continues to be a useful resource.
His book drew my attention to the string of young and very active volcanos
on the west coast of Guatemala, and to the great complexity of
the nearby Caribbean basin,
including the deep trench south of Cuba and the Antilles.[7]
The seafloor map features three prominent ridges radiating eastward
from where Guatemala, Belize and Honduras come together.
Were the Guatemalan volcanoes born of deep stresses in the earth
caused by the shifting crust?
During a recent flight on a clear day from Mexico City to San Francisco
I got a good look at Central Mexico from the air.
The beautiful countryside is pockmarked with calderas.
These old volcanos are long dormant.
But things are very different down in Guatemala.
As my thinking evolved, I decided to rule out as unreliable
any site south of Mexico City.
Ultimately, I retained confidence in only one, Teotihuacan, by far the oldest.
As I will attempt to show, one was sufficient.
Tiahuanacu, Bolivia
Recently, we learned that an important site in South America
is also aligned east of north.
Ongoing archeological excavations since 2000 at legendary Tiahuanacu, Bolivia
finally succeeded in exposing the original foundations of
the famous Akapana pyramid, and the foundation of a second pyramidal structure
at nearby Pumapunku.
When I visited Tiahuanacu in October 2018 I was pleasantly surprised
to find that the foundations of both of these pyramids are largely intact.
This is very good news because a deep overburden of red mud
had long stymied efforts to investigate this key site.
An early investigator, Arthur Posnansky, called Tiahuanacu
the cradle of South American civilization and dated it to 15,000 BC.
Today, of course, a near consensus of archeologists reject his early date.
Most think Tiahuanacu dates only to the first millennium AD.
Intact foundation of the Akapana, Tiahuanacu
Intact foundation wall, Pumapunku, Tiahuanacu.
Notice the overburden of red dirt.
Yet, the foundations of these two pyramids are now exposed
and their alignments raise new questions.
Their east-of-north orientation is hard to explain,
assuming that the north-south axis of the present world map
has been constant in perpetuity.
The Akapana is .2 degrees east of north;
and the nearby pyramid at Pumapunku is a full 2 degrees east of north.[8]
Neither of these azimuths makes sense from the standpoint of archeology.
One may ask: were these east of north alignments caused by
the same earth-changing event that shifted Teotihuacan, Mexico?
There is no doubt about the alignments at Tiahuanacu.
I was able to confirm them myself using Google Earth Pro,
a user-friendly mapping software that, now, happily,
is also a free download.
The program is based on satellite imagery
and has rendered theodolites largely obsolete.
Most of the surface features of our planet
have now been surveyed from space
and are accessible via the Internet.
No longer is it necessary to go to the trouble and expense of
traveling to an archeological site simply to obtain an alignment.
We can now visit sites in cyberspace.
Google Earth Pro allows us to zoom in and out with ease.
The program is also promising for another reason.
Although it displays the earth in virtual space as a perfect sphere,
the software takes into account the equatorial bulge
and the flattening at the poles when doing calculations.
Moreover, Google Earth Pro automatically plots
the shortest distance between two points on the earth's surface.
These are big advances over the frustratingly inaccurate method of
attempting to plot azimuths on a physical globe with string,
or by some other means.
Armed with this relatively new earth mapping tool,
any computer liter[alate] person
can accurately plot arcs and great circles at home.
So, let's get to it!
I should mention, right off,
that I could make nothing of the 2 degrees east of north
alignment of the Pumapunku pyramid.
That one remains a mystery. Even so,
my excitement mounted as I plotted the alignments of the Akapana and
the pyramids at Teotihuacan.
(see illustration one)
Is it mere coincidence that the two arcs cross over Baffin Island, Canada,
at a point very near to the probable center of the Laurentide ice sheet
during the last glacial maximum?
In my opinion, no, because I suspect both of these pyramids
were originally aligned to true north.
If true, this means they still point like an arrow to the former north pole.
A Third Leg
Although I felt confident about these two alignments, it was obvious that a
third match would greatly buttress my case. So began the hunt for
another matching site.
My search led me quite naturally to Egypt,
which I judged to be ideal because of its
great antiquity, and also because of its geological stability,
due to Egypt's location at the geographical center of
the continental land mass of the planet.
Illustration one: Teotihuacan alignment at left,
Tiahuanacu alignment at right
By the time I arrived in Cairo in April 2019
for a two-week tour of ancient sites,
I had already done sufficient homework that I knew what I was looking for:
a pyramid or temple aligned not to the present axis of true north/south,
but rather, to a grid oriented west of north. I was even half-convinced
I had already narrowed the search to one particular site.
In 2005, two archeoastronomers, Mosalam Shaltout and Juan Antonio Belmonte,
had published a list of the orientations of 115 ancient Egyptian temples
in southern Egypt. Their paper was a compilation of fieldwork completed in 2004,
and their list was exhaustive.
It included every ancient site from Abydos south to Abu Simbel.[9]
I was greatly encouraged when I discovered that one site on their list,
the temple of Nekhbet at Elkab (on the Nile),
was apparently aligned to 25 degrees west of north (155 degrees SE of north):
the magic angle at that latitude/longitude
which matched the pyramids of Mexico and Bolivia.
Nekhbet was the vulture goddess of southern Egypt,
and during my tour I observed her winged image
on the walls and ceilings of numerous temples.
However, I was not able to confirm the professors' data.
Unfortunately, after checking the temple with Google Earth Pro,
I reluctantly concluded that Shaltout and Belmonte had erred.
There are actually two temples of Nekhbet at Elkab,
and both of them are aligned 140 degrees SE of north.
There was no match. I was back to square one.
Notwithstanding the setback, the Egypt tour was an amazing experience.
My group was international,
made up of individuals from more than a dozen countries; and
nearly all of us were megalithomaniacs.
Each day, we visited incredible places and saw mind-boggling sights.
Our tour guides were also exceptionally competent.
Almost everywhere we went, we saw evidence of advanced technology.
No question about it, the ancients had used power equipment,
including saws and drills capable of cutting, dressing and polishing
multi-ton blocks of granite, a stone that is
6 or 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness (diamond being 10 and marble 3).
Moreover, the ancients were also somehow able to move gigantic stone blocks,
which they did with apparent ease.
Although a full account is beyond the scope of this discussion,
I will mention one site in northern Egypt because it is relevant to this paper,
namely, the pyramid complex at Abusir.
The place is about seven miles southeast of the Giza Plateau,
and a part of the greater Memphite necropolis which the scholar
Eve A.E. Reymond called "the sacred homeland of the Egyptian temple",
based on her detailed study of the building texts at Edfu.[10]
Today, Abusir is a ruin.
Some great cataclysm evidently hit the place in the remote past,
shattering its megalithic walls and granite columns,
and tossing blocks of stone about as if they were toys.
At one temple, we observed that
the tops of large limestone columns were entirely missing.
Why? Apparently because they were exposed to extreme heat.
But what could vaporize limestone?
Back home after the tour, my search continued on line.
As I checked alignments using Google Earth Pro,
I was able to confirm that nearly all of the Egyptian pyramids
from Abu Ruwash south to Meidum are on the same grid as the Great Pyramid,
which is aligned to true north.
This supports the standard view that these pyramids date to the same general era.
Nonetheless, I found an exception at the Userkaf Sun temple
which is usually considered a part of the Abusir complex.
(see illustration three)
It was allegedly constructed by Userkaf, the first pharaoh of the fifth dynasty.
Yet, as I zoomed in, it was evident and to my mind telling, that
the standard descriptions of the place by Egyptologists
are at odds with the facts on the ground.
The site is distinctive because it includes a small pyramidal structure
which is aligned to a different grid.
Viewed from above, the disparity is quite conspicuous.
(See illustration two)
Notice that the compound and rectangular
enclosing wall are aligned to true north,
while the associated pyramid at the left
is oriented west of north.
Unfortunately, drifting sand has obscured its base
so it was not possible to obtain an alignment.
Although this discovery was inconclusive,
it inspired me to continue searching in the vicinity.
Illustration two: Userkaf Sun temple with displaced pyramid at left
Days later, I found what I was looking for:
an undisturbed ruin one mile south of Abusir
that is aligned to the magic angle (~24+ degrees west of north)
for this latitude & longitude.
(See illustrations three & four)
The place is not on the map, nor could I find a description in the literature.
Its coordinates are: 29 degrees 52
Illustration three: un-named site one mile south of Abusir, Egypt.
A fence surrounding it on three sides (north, west and east) is just visible.
The red line is its alignment.
56" N Latitude,
31 degrees, 12 1" E Longitude.
Although apparently nameless, the site must be known to the Egyptian authorities
because someone constructed a fence around it.
At least five different foundations are visible from above.
Several are partially obscured by sand dunes but, luckily, others are exposed,
and all are aligned to the same grid, ~24+ degrees west of north.
The site is large, more than 500 feet wide from side to side,
and looks to be undisturbed.
Does it date to extreme antiquity?
The strange alignment makes this tantalizingly plausible.
Of course, the site could just as easily be a former industrial center,
or a military base that was later abandoned.
Illustration four: showing its location in relation to Abusir at top center.
The Serapeum and Step Pyramid at Sakkara are just off the map at the right.
However, if such is the case, why does its alignment match
the pyramids in Bolivia and Mexico?
Although satellite imagery is a powerful tool,
we won't be able to evaluate the site by means of satellite imagery alone.
Ultimately, someone will have to go there.
One of our tour guides informed me, however,
that visiting the place is not possible without authorization.[11]
Even a brief walk-through would be illegal without a special license.
The Catch-22 is that licenses and permits are normally granted
only to professional archeological organizations, most of whose members
probably regard Charles Hapgood as a crank or pseudoscientist.
After centuries of neglect during which time foreigners repeatedly looted
Egypt's priceless antiquities, one can well understand why local authorities
are reluctant to grant access.
Still, only ground-truthing will answer the key question,
does this site predate the Sphinx and Great Pyramid? Coincidence?
In my opinion, it is not mere coincidence that the alignment of this mysterious
Egyptian site matches the pyramids of Mexico and Bolivia.
(See illustration five)
Although the agreement is not spot on, it is too close to be due to chance.
I suspect that all three of these sites were formerly aligned to true north,
before the crust of the planet shifted at the end of the last ice age,
as Charles Hapgood and others have proposed.
This would mean that the crust of the earth shifted by ~1,605 miles.
Based on this data, I estimate the coordinates of
the former north pole at: 67 degrees 16' N latitude; 65 degrees 45' W longitude,
which is about 475 miles northeast of Hapgood's estimated position
over Hudson's Bay (65 degrees N latitude; 83 degrees W longitude).[12]
Hapgood believed the crust shifted about 2,000 miles.
Illustration five: Is this the former position of the north pole?
I never expected such a close match. The outer crust of the earth
below the continental land masses is only 20-30 miles thick,
and beneath the oceans the crust is even thinner, only 3-6 miles deep.
Moreover, the crust is composed of interlocking tectonic plates.
For all of these reasons, my working assumption was that
any significant movement of the crust would produce major fractures and/or
dislocations that would severely distort any former grid on the surface.
But the close agreement of Teotihuacan, Tiahuanacu
and the as yet nameless site in Egypt indicates otherwise.
Despite the susceptibility of smaller landmasses like Central America
to local or regional dislocations, it would appear that the earth's crust can,
at times, move as a whole unit.
This indicates that the slippage must occur
not between the outer crust and the lithosphere
(the layer immediately beneath it)
but at a deeper level, an idea first proposed in 2000 by Rand Flem-ath,
another Hapgood aficionado.[13]
More research is obviously needed, and the sooner the better.
Mark H. Gaffney is hard at work on a book that will present important new
evidence supporting Charles Hapgood's theory of crustal displacement.
Mark Can be reached for comment at markhgaffney@earthlink.net
- Anthony Aveni, Ed.,
Archeoastronomy in Pre-columbian America
(Austin and London, University of Texas Press, 1975),
see chapter 8, p.163.
- Anthony Aveni, Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico
(Austin and London, University of Texas Press, 1980),
Appendix A, p. 311.
- Ibid., p. 237.
- Ibid.
- David B. Ericson and Goesta Wollin,
The Deep and the Past (New York, Grosset & Dunlap: 1964),
p. 87.
- Skywatchers, p. 238.
- Eduard Seuss, The Face of the Earth Vol. I,
trans. By Hertha B.C. Sollas ( Oxford, Clarendon Press: 1904), p. 86-94.
- Recently, a mathematician named Mario Buildreps compiled
the alignments of 157 ancient sites from Mexico to Peru,
based on satellite imagery.
- Mosalam Shaltout and Juan Antonio Belmonte,
"On the Orientation of Ancient Egyptian Temples: Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia,"
Science History Publications, Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System,
2005, see Table 1, p. 277.
- E.A.E. Reymond,
The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple
(New York, Manchester University Press: 1969),
p. 267.
- email from Ahmed Araby, May 30, 2019.
- Charles Hapgood, The Path of the Pole
(Adventures Unlimited, Kempton, Illinois: 1970, 1999 reprint), p. 106.
- Flem-ath was attempting to explain why the geological hot spot
beneath Hawaii did not shift during past crustal displacements.
Colin Wilson and Rand Flem-ath,
The Atlantis Blueprint (New York, Little, Brown & Co., 2000), p. 353.